Dear Trooper,Greetings to you.
There are two kinds of Noun. What is a Noun? - It is a name of person, place, thing, idea. The kinds are Proper and common. Proper Name - specific Name, while common noun-general name of person, thing, idea.
The generic names of Yahshua are many. He can be called in many titles like Prince of Peace, Everlasting Father, wonderful, The El is with us(immanuel), The One who is like El ( michael),The word of Yahweh,the Savior, the Mighty king, and these names are written in Hebrew letters without space like the English word.
If you donot mind, I will post here the review of Parts of speech.
D. Review of Parts of Speech
I. Noun - name of person, place, things, idea
Kinds of Nouns
a. Proper - particular Name of person, place, things, idea
b. Common - Cgeneral name of person, place, things, idea
Common nouns may also be classified as:
l. Abstract - nouns refer to feelings, idea and intangible quality ex., love, kindness,honesty.
2. Concrete - nouns with physical existence and can be perceived by the sense, ex. book, pencil.
3. Collective - names a number of things taken as one ex. Crowd, flock, organization, Assembly
4. Mass - are objects without its form, can be measured but cannot be counted, ex., water, flour,oil
Properties of Nouns and Pronouns
1. Gender - distinguishes one noun or pronoun from another by reason of sex.
a. masculine - father, nephew, uncle
b. feminine - mother, niece, aunt
c.neuter- ex. box, stone,
Note: some nouns( when referred and named Alma Mater )after like ships, country, colleges,universities are regarded as feminine.
2. Number - distinguishes one from more than one.
a, singular - denotes one person, place or thing
ex. boy, book, eagle,
b. plural - denotes more than one .
ex. boys, books, eagles, cats, buses.
Note: some nouns are never pluralized and cannot be preceded by a or an, Ammunition, applause, attire, baggage, bedding, chalk, clothing, dust, species, equipment funiture, jewelry, laughter, mail, soap.
3. Person -
a. first Person - denotes the person or persons speaking, I, we, Me, us
b. second person- denotes the person/s spoken to: you
c. third person - denotes the person/s spoken of: he, she, it, they, them.
4. Case - indicates the relation of a noun or pronoun to other words.
a.Nominative - ex. Manila is thickly populated city
b. Objective -denotes the direct or indirect object of a verb
e. The people chased the Messiah into the sea. (Messiah is the object of
the verb chased, sea- object of the preposition into )
c. Possesive case - denotes possession. (ours, mine,theirs)
POSSESSIVE FORM OF NOUNS-
1.For singular noun, add- 's ex. Yahweh's Assembly (The Assembly
of Yahweh...)
2. For noun ending in s , just add an aposthrophe (')
ex. tables' clothes',goodness' sake, girls' room.
II. PRONOUN - word that takes the place of a noun.
A. Kinds of Pronouns
a. Personal -takes the place of a person's name or thing it refers to .
singular plural first person -I, me, my, mine us, our ours
second person - you,your, yours you, yours, your
third person - he,him, his, she,her they, theirs,
hers, it, its
B. Reflexive - pronoun that pint back to or reflect the subject
ex. myself, himself, herself, itself, yourself, ourselves,
C. Relative - used to connect a clause and introduce to other words in a sentence.
Who, which, that, whom, whose. Ex. The lady who came is my teacher.
D.Demonstrative -pronouns that point to a person or thing.
this, that, these,those
E.Interrogative -used in asking questions.. Who, what, which, whom, whose,
F, Possessive - pronounns that stand for the possessor and the things prossessed ,
mine, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs.
G. Distributive- pronouns that refer to people or things taken one by one.
every, each, niether, either, ex. Niether of us understood the project proposals.
III VERB - A word expressing condition or action.
1. Regular verb - verb that form its past and part participle by adding d or ed to
present tense
PRESENT PAST PAST PARTICIPLE
cook cooked cooked
save saved saved
2. Irregular Verb - verb that form its past and past participle in many ways
Present Past Past Participle
bring brought brought
tear tore torn
go went gone
3. Linking Verb- verb which links the subject and the predicate in the sentence.
am, is, were, are, being, look, grow, remain, was, were, been, became, seem, fell, get
4. Auxiliary -verb used to form tenses, voice and mood of other verbs. It is composed of the be
and have forms and modals.
do, is, has, was, be ,may, shall, must, did, am,have, were,been, might, will, ought to,does,
are, was,, had, can could, should, would.
5. Transitive - denotes an action that requires a receiver of the action or direct object
Ex. He took a book.
6. Intransitive - denotes an action that does not requires a receiver of the action.
Ex. The car left.
Forms of Verbs - Base Form S Form ING Form Past Tense Past participle
WALK WALKS WALKING WALKED WALKED
eat eats eating ate eaten
Moods of Verbs -
1. Indicative Mood - ex. The Philippines lies in Asia.
2. Imperative Mood - gives command.ex. Brethren give your tithes.
3. Subjuntive Mood - expresses supposition ,wish, and suggestion
ex. Present subjuntive -If she were Rosa, she would greet us.
Past. - If the teacher had been with us we could have asked her to help us
Future - If I were a bird I would fly to the sky.
Voice of the Verb
1. Active Voice - when the subject does the action. Ex. Judah won the game.
2. Passive Voice - the action of the verb is being performed upon the subject
Ex. The game was won by Ephraimites.
TENSES OF VERB:
1.present tense - denotes present action or some thing that exist now or to an action occurring at this moment, usual action.
ex. We are on board Philippine Princess
I read the Scripture every night and morning.
2. Past tense - denotes past action or condition.
ex. I stayed late last night.
I went home early yesterday.
3. Future tense - denotes future action . ex. I will go home early today.
4. Present Perfect Tense - denotes action completed prior to the time of speaking or began in the past and are still going on at the time of speaking.
ex. I have been in Davao City since last Pentecost Day.
5. Past Perfect Tense - expresses and action completed before another action
indicated by a verb in the simple past tense.
ex. The song had stopped when the bell rang.
After I had completed the reports, I decided to resign.
6. Future Perfect Tense - denotes future action to happen before another future action or point of time.
ex. When your budget arrives, you should have left for the scheduled concert.
7. Progressive Tense - expresses an action that is not completed.
a. present - formed by using the be form of the verb plus ING form.
ex. We are hoping for your kind consideration
I am reading a book.
Yahshua is coming any time of the appointed feasts.
b. PAST - ex. We were hoping for your kind consideration.
I was reading a book.
c. Future - ex. We will be hoping for your kind consideration.
d. Present Progressive tense - It is bothering me for days now.
e.Past Progressive tense - I had been thinking of him for days before he left for abroad.
f. Future Progressive tense - I shall have been practicing singing when the teacher arrives.
Number - show whether the action is done by singular or plural subject.
Singular subject is followed by singular present verb with "S", plural
without "s" verb.
ex. He joins the discussion.
We join the discussion.
Subject Verb Agreement -
l. singular subject with singular verb
2.Plural subject with plural verb.
3. If the antecedent is singular the noun must be singular.
ex. A man was hit by a bullet.
4. If the antecedent is plural , the pronoun must be plural
5. When nor, or ,neither, either, connect the two subject in case, one of the
subject is singular, and the other is plural the verb must agree with the
nearest subject. ex. Neither I nor my classmates are invited to attend.
6. Collective noun should have singular verb. But if the collective noun is
considered individually, plural verb must be used.
Ex. The group are assigned in different parts of the house.
7. Compound subject joined by and, expressing related ideas take singular verb
Ex. Bread and butter is served in the morning.
But compound subjects joined by and is plural takes plural verb.
Ex. Miriam and Elizabeth are sisters.
8. Singular verb is used when the subject is amount of money, measurement,
time, and sum of numbers. Ex. Twenty pesos is enough for one snack.
Ex. Fifty miles is near to travel for everyone who is interested to keep the Sabbath.
It is almost 9:00 a.m. when they started to fellowship.
9. Many is plural, much is singular.
Ex. Many say that mathematics is difficult subject.
Much remains unfinished.
10. When the subject is an adjective plural verb is required.
Ex. The humble were oppressed.
The have lost opportunity.
Verbals - are verb forms but are used either nouns or modifiers.
Kinds of Verbals
1. Participle - verb ending ing, ed, en, and t used as Modifiers.
ex. The man teaching in the pulpit is blind.
The package was found hidden under the vegetables.
2. Gerund - verb ending in ing used as noun.
ex. Swimming is a good exercise.
Uses of Gerund -
a. Subject - Selling is John's favorite.
b. Appositive - John's favorite, selling is challenging.
c. Direct Object - John prefers selling.
d. Object of the Preposition - John earns by selling.
d. Predicate nominative - John's work is selling.
3.Infinite - verb form used as a noun, adverb, adjective, and preceeded by to.
a.Noun - His job is to paint.
b.adverb. - Wild plant is hard to get.
c. Adjective - The " Minister" is a man to overcome.
d. Appositive - Levi's oath, to sacrifice, was terminated.
IV. ADJECTIVE - Modifies a noun and a pronoun.
Kinds of Adjectives -
1. Limiting - sets limit. ex. I have several books at home.
2. Descriptive - ex. desciribes qualities of noun or pronoun
ex. tender heart, cruel guy, kind person.
3. Pronominal - noun or pronoun used as modifiers.
ex. my pet, John's decision, this book
4. Noun Modifying noun proper and common noun
ex. school teacher, Filipino style, Italian food, Jewish Sabbath
5.Compound Adjective - is made up of two or more words to form into
one and used before the noun it modifies.
Ex. We need two-foot ruler.
She is an all around woman.
Uses of Adjectives
l. Appositive -adjective is placed before the word it modifies.
Salesman, bold and daring, is in demand.
2. Subjective complement - adjective is found at the predicate of the
sentence to modify to subject.
ex. Yahshua is kind.
3. Objective complement - adjective is found at the predicate of the
sentence to modify the object.
ex. The master cutter is artistic.
4. Attributive - adjective is placed before the word it modifies.
A kind friend is like a diamond.
5. Subject adjective is not a modifier but as subject.
The poor are always oppressed.
6. Predicate Adjective is one which completes the predicate verbs and limits or
describes the subject.
Ex. Your voice sounds strange.
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES -
Degrees of Comparison
1. Positive - Simplest form of adjective.
2. Comparative - shows the quality expresses greater or lesser (er or more)
3. superlative - shows the highest or the lowest degree of quality or relation
(est or most)
Ex. sweet , sweeter, sweetest
Rules of Comparison
1. Adjectives ending in y , change to y and i and add eer or est.
ex. happy, happier,happiest
2. Add more or less most or least to form the degree of comparison.
ex. polite, more polite, most polite
3. Adjective compared irregularly.Ex. bad , worse, worst
good, better, best
many, more, most
4.Absolute Adjectives- that cannot be compared. Ex. correct, single, heavenly,
supreme, alone, empty, square, mortal, round, full, final, everything,Elohim.
V-ADVERBS - word that modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb. Adverbs
formed by adding ly to adjectives.
Ex. Calm- calmly, beautiful-beautifully, sound-soundly, careless-carelessly
Kinds of Adverb
1. Adverb of time - I want to meet you tomorrow.
2.Adverb of manner - He went out slowly.
3. Adverb of place - The heavenly kingdom is here.
4. Adverb of frequency - He is always ready.
5. Adverb of degree - .He cries very loudly.
6. Adverb of cause and reason - He is exactly the same person.
Common errors in the use of Adverbs:
Wrong: Will you send this note prompt?
Correct: Will you send this note promptly?
Surely, I will
Wrong: I sleep good last night
Correct: I sleep well last night.
Errors in double negative:
Wrong: Nobody can't say that I do not cooperate.
Correct: Nobody can say that I do not cooperate.
Errors with Adverbs that intensify
Wrong: He is very old to travel
Correct: He is too old to travel.
Rule :Modifiers should be kept close to the words they modify.
Exception: there are adverbs that do not follow the same rule.
Example : Study hard, run fast, Please drive slow.
Adverb of comparison: Mr. Reyes is the most punctual employee.
Adverbs of negation: I will never touch the box.
Adverb of affirmation: Certainly he wll come.
Adverbial noun: She knows a lot of her lesson.
Adverb of quantity: The mother gave the boy little attention.
Relative Adverb: Will tell her when she arrives.
VI. PREPOSITION- A WORD THAT SHOWS CERTAIN RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN A NOUN OR A PRONOUN AND ANOTHER WORDS IN A
SENTENCE.
Common Preposition- by, of, over, on, in, to, from, for beside, across, below,
between, inside, regarding, concerning, along, with, despite, within, to,
as regards, in-favor of, aside from, by means of, in place, beyond, without,
outside, as far as.
Uses of preposition -
l. Show direction and motion.Ex. he runs across the street.
2. Indicate place or position - He placed the glass on the table.
3. Indicate time- Just see me after the game.
4. Show comparison - He got a good man, like Danny.
VII. CONJUNCTION - a word sed to connect words, phrases, clauses
and sentences.
Kinds of Conjunction
1. Coordinating- connects word or group of words of the same category.
and, but, also, or,futher, moreover, therefore, however, hence,
nowwithstanding,nevertheless, then, consequently, so, yet, only, and
2. Correlative - connect words, phrases and clauses of the same rank...
not only- yet, though, yet---but also
either-- or, neither
3. Subordinating - join and subordinate cluase to the main clause.
after, as it, though, where, whenever, then, in order that,
unless,awhile,although.
It join contrasting ideas or quality: but, however, still ,nevertheless,yet ,
on other hand, on the contrary, all the same, despite, the fact.
4.Conjuntive - used to connect main clauses. hence, moreover, otherwise,
therefore, yet, also, however, furthermore, accordingly, then
Ex. He is a brilliant designer, yet he always works with others.
VIII. - INTERJECTION - A WORD OR GROUP OF WORDS USED TO
EXPRESS FEELING SUCH AS SURPRISE: happiness, despair, pain
and fear.
ex. alas, Ah, Bravo!, Hurrah!, No!, Uoch!,Wow!, Great!